Anesthesiology is a unique field of medicine. Although it originated more than a century ago, its real progress occurred in the last several decades. Thanks to the accumulation of knowledge and progress of technology, the scope of anesthesiology today has already extended far beyond clinical anesthesia. It also covers critical care in the recovery room or the intensive care unit, pain control for patients with cancer or chronic pain, life support in the emergency room or the ward, as well as basic researches in anesthesiology.The techniques of transesophageal echocardiography and evoked potentials of the nervous system for intraoperative monitoring have been substantially emphasized, incorporated into the training program of residents, and utilized to cultivate expertness for each subspecialty. Basic researches of the Department focus on the effects of analgesics on the central nervous system and immune functions. The Department is divided into four divisions: (1) Clinical Anesthesia, (2) Pain Management, (3) Basic Anesthesia and (4) Critical Care.