Abstract
Smoking has been reported to be negatively associated with bone mineral density (BMD) in Caucasians or postmenopausal women, but only a few papers have been focused on male Chinese. To evaluate the relationship between smoking habit and BMD, a total of 219 male Chinese aged 50 or more were recruited from the cohort of Tainan epidemiological survey during 1998 to 2000. Left calcaneal BMD which reflected by broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), velocity of sound (VOS) and stiffness index (SI) was measured by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) densitometry for each subject. The structural questionnaires including total physical activity and lifestyle characteristics (alcohol, coffee, milk and calcium use) were also inquired. According to the smoking habit, subjects were classified as current smokers (32.4%), exsmokers (25.1%) and nonsmokers (42.5%). Through the statistical method of multiple analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), we found that BMDs (BUA, VOS and SI) were highest in the nonsmokers, median in the exsmokers but significantly lowest in the current smokers. Furthermore, according to the smoking amount in pack-year, subjects were trichotomized into never (pack-year=0), the lighter (less than 20 pack-years) and the moderate to heavy smokers (≧20 pack-years) groups. As compared with the never and the lighter smokers, the moderate to heavy smokers had significantly lower BMD. Lighter smokers had higher BMD than the moderate to heavy smokers, but similar to the never smokers. Using multiple stepwise linear regression model, we found that total pack-years of smoking and body mass index (BMI) were the independent factors of BMD. In conclusion, smoking habit is an independent factor of low BMD assessed by QUS in male Chinese. A dose response effect was also demonstrated between smoking amount and BMD.
Translated title of the contribution | Relationship between Smoking Habit and Bone Mineral Density Measured by Quantitative Ultrasound in Male Adults |
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Original language | Chinese (Traditional) |
Pages (from-to) | 41-51 |
Number of pages | 11 |
Journal | 臺灣家庭醫學研究 = Taiwan Family Medicine Research |
Volume | 1 |
Issue number | 1 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2003 Oct 1 |