物、感官與故國：論明遺民董說《非煙香法》

Taking the materiality of incense as its focus, this article investigates descriptions of the making and use of incense in the 1651 essay collection Feiyan Xiangfa by the Ming loyalist Dong Yue (1620-1686). During the Ming and Qing dynasties, pleasure objects (wan wu) not only were symbols of literati's aesthetic values and taste, but also means for expressing and containing feelings of grief and mourning, historical memory, and even political meaning. Dong's writing on the making and use of incense in Feiyan Xiangfa is inseparable from this historical and cultural context. Through reference to studies on the use of religious incense in the field of anthropology, this paper explores the transformations in sensory experience that take place in Feiyan Xiangfa as well as the material foundation of these transformations, the literary and cultural symbolic systems behind them, and finally their historical implications. This article attempts to explain how Feiyan Xiangfa opened the way for the Ming adherent to draw upon his olfactory experience as a means of coming to terms with his grief over a fallen dynasty.