TY - JOUR
T1 - Aggregating exposures and toxicity equivalence approach into an integrated probabilistic dietary risk assessment for perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate
T2 - Results from the National food monitoring study and National Food Consumption Database
AU - Chang, Wei Hsiang
AU - Chen, Pei Hsuan
AU - Herianto, Samuel
AU - Chen, Hsiu Ling
AU - Lee, Ching Chang
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank the food vendors and suppliers for their cooperation, and our colleagues at the Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances for sampling and analytical support. This work was supported by grant MOHW106-FDA-F-113-000311 from Taiwan Food and Drug Administration , Ministry of Health and Welfare , Taiwan.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Elsevier Inc.
PY - 2022/8
Y1 - 2022/8
N2 - Perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate, namely thyroid disrupting chemicals (TDCs), are found ubiquitously in the environment, leading to broad human exposure and primary uptake through the food web and drinking water. TDCs are all competitive inhibitors of thyroid iodide uptake activity, but limited studies have assessed the cumulative risk of dietary exposure to multiple TDCs. Thus, in this study, we analyzed the individual exposure risk from 310 food samples in 11 categories, and also assessed the cumulative health risks from TDCs for the Taiwanese population using a perchlorate equivalent concentration (PEC) approach. Consequently, this study not only demonstrated the non-carcinogenic health risks from individual exposure but also highlighted that the cumulative exposure to these TDCs may adversely affect human thyroid functioning. Vegetables, livestock, fruits, and dairy products are the most susceptible to PEC exposure. We highlighted nitrate as the main contributor to PEC exposure. Finally, controlling the overall TDC concentrations from vegetables, livestock, fruits, and dairy products is emphasized in this study. This is the first study to conduct a cumulative risk assessment of dietary exposure to TDCs using the PEC approach for the Taiwanese population through probabilistic and sensitivity analyses.
AB - Perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate, namely thyroid disrupting chemicals (TDCs), are found ubiquitously in the environment, leading to broad human exposure and primary uptake through the food web and drinking water. TDCs are all competitive inhibitors of thyroid iodide uptake activity, but limited studies have assessed the cumulative risk of dietary exposure to multiple TDCs. Thus, in this study, we analyzed the individual exposure risk from 310 food samples in 11 categories, and also assessed the cumulative health risks from TDCs for the Taiwanese population using a perchlorate equivalent concentration (PEC) approach. Consequently, this study not only demonstrated the non-carcinogenic health risks from individual exposure but also highlighted that the cumulative exposure to these TDCs may adversely affect human thyroid functioning. Vegetables, livestock, fruits, and dairy products are the most susceptible to PEC exposure. We highlighted nitrate as the main contributor to PEC exposure. Finally, controlling the overall TDC concentrations from vegetables, livestock, fruits, and dairy products is emphasized in this study. This is the first study to conduct a cumulative risk assessment of dietary exposure to TDCs using the PEC approach for the Taiwanese population through probabilistic and sensitivity analyses.
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U2 - 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112989
DO - 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112989
M3 - Article
C2 - 35231455
AN - SCOPUS:85126782634
SN - 0013-9351
VL - 211
JO - Environmental Research
JF - Environmental Research
M1 - 112989
ER -