Chlorination for all solid-state zinc-graphite battery: Investigate into the charge-discharge mechanism of zinc electrodes and sodium silicate electrolyte

Zn solid-state batteries offer a novel and environmentally friendly energy storage solution with excellent safety features. This study explores the material characteristics and electrochemical mechanisms of the Zn anode and sodium silicate solid electrolyte powder after HCl chlorination. Results reveal the formation of Zn chloride hydroxide monohydrate (Zn₅OH₈Cl₂⋅H₂O, known as Simonkolleite) in the zinc anode post HCl treatment. The compound's layered structure enhances ion transport. The sodium silicate electrolyte exhibits increased surface area after HCl treatment. In engineering applications, a solid-state battery assembled with Simonkolleite anode, electrolyte (HB), and graphite film (GF) cathode demonstrates a high capacity (>5000 mAh/g) in the first discharging cycle and impressive stability over 30–100 cycles, highlighting its promising potential for energy storage.