Controlled quantum dialogue using cluster states

This paper presents a new controlled quantum dialogue (CQD) protocol based on the cluster entangled states. The security analyses indicate that the proposed scheme is secure under not only various well-known attacks but also the collusive attack, where the participants may collude to communicate without the controller’s permission. Compared to a previous CQD scheme, which is also robust against the conspiracy attack, the proposed protocol is more efficient in both the qubit efficiency and the hardware requirement.