Controlling dopant diffusion and core-shell structure in BaTiO₃ via compositional tuning of ultrafine Li₂O–CaO–B₂O₃–SiO₂ glass additives

This study investigates the impact of ultrafine Li₂O-CaO-B₂O₃-SiO₂ (LCBS) glass, synthesized via a wet-chemical colloidal process, on the microstructure and dielectric properties of BaTiO₃ (BT) ceramics. Despite a minimal 0.33 wt% addition, the glass composition critically dictates dopant partitioning through an interfacial barrier effect. By modulating the Li₂O/CaO ratio, dopant diffusion kinetics are tuned to optimize the core-shell architecture. This strategy successfully overcomes the trade-off between permittivity and insulation resistance, achieving a high dielectric constant and superior electrical resistivity simultaneously. Furthermore, the engineered microstructure ensures temperature-stable capacitance fulfilling the X7R specification. This work provides a robust, scalable processing route for tailoring high-performance core-shell structured ceramics.