Effect of depth-induced breaking on wind wave simulations in shallow nearshore waters off northern Taiwan during the passage of two super typhoons

Super Typhoons Maria (2018) and Lekima (2019) were adopted for this case study, alt-hough they only passed the northern offshore waters of Taiwan without making landfall. A direct modification technique was employed to create the atmospheric conditions for a wave-circulation model to hindcast large typhoon-driven waves. The radius of the modified scale (Rtrs) for a hybrid typhoon wind plays an important role in the significant wave height (SWH) simulations during the passage of typhoons. The maximum increment in peak SWH reached 3.0 m and 5.0 m in the deep ocean for Super Typhoons Maria (2018) and Lekima (2019), respectively if the Rtrs was increased from 4 × Rmax (radius of the maximum wind) to 7 × Rmax. The SWHs induced by the typhoon winds in the surf zone were more sensitive to different wave-breaking formulations used in the wave-circulation model. The maximum difference in peak SWH reached 2.5 m and 1.2 m for Super Typhoons Maria (2018) and Lekima (2019), respectively, when the wave-breaking formulations of BJ78 (proposed by Battjes and Janssen in 1978) and CT93 (proposed by Church and Thornton in 1993) were introduced to the wave-circulation model. The SWH simulations in the surf zone were insen-sitive to the wave-breaking criterion (γ) during the passage of typhoons. In shallow nearshore wa-ters, the utilization of a constant γ for the wave-circulation model always produces peak SWHs that are smaller than those using γ based on local steepness or peak steepness.