Energy Resources and Challenges

The basic science researches, which have been developed in the published books for ion-based batteries, semiconductor compounds, and emergent materials under a unified quasiparticle framework, clearly show a lot of merits and drawbacks in terms of positive progresses. The composite quasiparticles represent the enlarged science viewpoints of physics, chemistry, and material engineering. The dynamic chemical reactions will dominate the intermediate crystal configurations, and the time-dependent crystal structures appear in cathode, electrolyte, and anode materials during the charging and discharging processes; that is, intercalations and de-intercalations are capable of leading to the dramatic transformations of crystal symmetries. The efficient use of solar cell technology on a global scale demands efficient breakthroughs in materials and devices to lower fabrication costs and enhance power conversion efficiency. Wind energy is one of the earliest sources of energy discovered and used by humans, at least 3, 000 years ago.