Factors associated with appropriate complementary feeding: A scoping review

Problem: Childhood stunting becomes a vital point of an underlying problem in early life. Appropriate and adequate complementary feeding is necessary for children to prevent malnutrition and introduce healthy eating habits. Knowledge of factors related to complementary feeding practices is needed to design strategies that improve optimal complementary feeding and avoid malnutrition in children. However, factors related to appropriate complementary feeding practices have not been systematically examined; hence, the present study aims to synthesize the available evidence on factors associated with proper complementary feeding practices. Methods: A scoping review was conducted. Five databases were searched for relevant studies, including Medline, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, and Web of Science. The studies selected for review were those published in English from 2009 to 2022 on complementary feeding practices and related factors, measuring at least three complementary feeding indicators, and available in full text. The criteria resulted in 30 eligible articles that were selected, extracted, and then analyzed using descriptive and content analysis. Finding: Factors associated with complementary feeding practice include maternal factors (knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, parity, antenatal care visit, place of delivery, and postnatal check-up), socio-environmental factors (age, educational level, income, employment status, residence, household size, mother's ethnicity, and support) and informational factors (exposure to media, source of information and intervention). Conclusion and implication: Maternal, socio-environmental, and informational factors are associated with appropriate complementary feeding in infants and young children. Further research is necessary to identify causal relationships between the three groups of factors and complementary feeding practices.