TY - JOUR
T1 - Graphene near infrared-I/II probe in two-photon excitation-wavelength-independent photoluminescence and photoinactivation
AU - Kuo, Wen Shuo
AU - Wu, Ping Ching
AU - Chang, Chia Yuan
AU - Wang, Jiu Yao
AU - Chen, Pei Chi
AU - Hsieh, Miao Hsi
AU - Lin, Sheng Han
AU - Cheng, Jen Suo
AU - Chou, Yu Tsung
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported by An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Taiwan ( ANHRF110-33 ); State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, China ( CMEMR2021-B11 ); Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan ( MOST 110-2221-E-006-013-MY3 ; MOST 109-2636-E-006-018- ); Academia Sinica Healthy Longevity Grand Challenge Competition, Taiwan ( AS-HLGC-110-07 ); Allergy Immunology and Microbiome Center, China Medical University Children's Hospital/ China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taiwan ( 1JA8 ); E-Da Hospital , Taiwan.
Funding Information:
This research was supported by An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Taiwan (ANHRF110-33); State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, China (CMEMR2021-B11); Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 110-2221-E-006-013-MY3; MOST 109-2636-E-006-018-); Academia Sinica Healthy Longevity Grand Challenge Competition, Taiwan (AS-HLGC-110-07); Allergy Immunology and Microbiome Center, China Medical University Children's Hospital/ China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taiwan (1JA8); E-Da Hospital, Taiwan.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2022/6/30
Y1 - 2022/6/30
N2 - Nitrogen doping and amino-group functionalization through chemical modification can engender enhance electron donation. Using a homemade femtosecond titanium:sapphire laser optical system operated at a low energy and short photoexcitation time [power: 200.0 nJ pixel−1; scanning frequency: 150 scans (∼0.80–1.33 s); excitation wavelength: 870, 910, or 970 nm], this study conducted these processes on the large π-conjugated system of graphene quantum dot (GQD)-based materials functioning as electron donors; this improved the efficiency of charge transfer to the prepared amino-N-GQDs, resulting in enhanced two-photon absorption, excitation-wavelength-independent photoluminescence (EWI-PL), radiative efficiency, excitation absolute cross section, and excitation from the near-infrared (NIR)-I to the NIR-II region. The lifetime decreased and quantum yield (QY) increased. The sorted amino-N-GQDs exhibited two-photon EWI-PL emissions between the ultraviolet and NIR-I regions, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which functioned as two-photon photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Increasing the mean lateral size of the particles increased the N-functionality-dependent photochemical and electrochemical activities, which improved the PL QY and thus enhanced the efficiency of two-photon PDT. Additionally, a polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) coating was applied (forming sorted amino-N-GQD-PSS); the sulfur atoms introduced by the PSS induced the radiative recombination of localized electron–hole pairs and then improved the sorted amino-N-GQD surfaces by strengthening the quantum confinement of their emissive energy. Thus, compared with the sorted amino-N-GQDs that were not coated, the PSS-coated materials had superior two-photon properties. No ROS were detected. Accordingly, these materials are suitable for use as two-photon contrast probes for analyte tracking and localization.
AB - Nitrogen doping and amino-group functionalization through chemical modification can engender enhance electron donation. Using a homemade femtosecond titanium:sapphire laser optical system operated at a low energy and short photoexcitation time [power: 200.0 nJ pixel−1; scanning frequency: 150 scans (∼0.80–1.33 s); excitation wavelength: 870, 910, or 970 nm], this study conducted these processes on the large π-conjugated system of graphene quantum dot (GQD)-based materials functioning as electron donors; this improved the efficiency of charge transfer to the prepared amino-N-GQDs, resulting in enhanced two-photon absorption, excitation-wavelength-independent photoluminescence (EWI-PL), radiative efficiency, excitation absolute cross section, and excitation from the near-infrared (NIR)-I to the NIR-II region. The lifetime decreased and quantum yield (QY) increased. The sorted amino-N-GQDs exhibited two-photon EWI-PL emissions between the ultraviolet and NIR-I regions, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which functioned as two-photon photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Increasing the mean lateral size of the particles increased the N-functionality-dependent photochemical and electrochemical activities, which improved the PL QY and thus enhanced the efficiency of two-photon PDT. Additionally, a polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) coating was applied (forming sorted amino-N-GQD-PSS); the sulfur atoms introduced by the PSS induced the radiative recombination of localized electron–hole pairs and then improved the sorted amino-N-GQD surfaces by strengthening the quantum confinement of their emissive energy. Thus, compared with the sorted amino-N-GQDs that were not coated, the PSS-coated materials had superior two-photon properties. No ROS were detected. Accordingly, these materials are suitable for use as two-photon contrast probes for analyte tracking and localization.
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U2 - 10.1016/j.carbon.2022.03.019
DO - 10.1016/j.carbon.2022.03.019
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85126867593
SN - 0008-6223
VL - 193
SP - 205
EP - 215
JO - Carbon
JF - Carbon
ER -