Green energy: Water-containing acetone-butanol-ethanol diesel blends fueled in diesel engines

Water-containing ABE solution (W-ABE) in the diesel is a stable fuel blends.W-ABE can enhance the energy efficiency of diesel engine and act as a green energy.W-ABE can reduce the PM, NOx, and PAH emissions very significantly.The W-ABE can be manufactured from waste bio-mass without competition with food.The W-ABE can be produced without dehydration process and no surfactant addition. Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) is considered a "green" energy resource because it emits less carbon than many other fuels and is produced from biomass that is non-edible. To simulate the use of ABE fermentation products without dehydration and no addition of surfactants, a series of water-containing ABE-diesel blends were investigated. By integrating the diesel engine generator (DEG) and diesel engine dynamometer (DED) results, it was found that a diesel emulsion with 20vol.% ABE-solution and 0.5vol.% water (ABE20W0.5) enhanced the brake thermal efficiencies (BTE) by 3.26-8.56%. In addition, the emissions of particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the toxicity equivalency of PAHs (BaP_eq) were reduced by 5.82-61.6%, 3.69-16.4%, 0.699-31.1%, and 2.58-40.2%, respectively, when compared to regular diesel. These benefits resulted from micro-explosion mechanisms, which were caused by water-in-oil droplets, the greater ABE oxygen content, and the cooling effect that is caused by the high vaporization heat of water-containing ABE. Consequently, ABE20W0.5, which is produced by environmentally benign processes (without dehydration and no addition of surfactants), can be a good alternative to diesel because it can improve energy efficiency and reduce pollutant emissions.