Improvement in human error by target predication in transmission control protocol/Internet protocol–based remote control system

In a robot teleoperation system, humans operate and respond by relying on the content displayed on the video screen. However, unavoidable delays, such as network transmission, cause asynchronous communication between humans and robot and further result in human operation errors such as redundant or duplicate operations or even wrong commands. Users of consumer electronics in daily life are different from users in large-scale industry as they may not be experts or even trained to use the robots leading to new challenges in developing home-used robots. In this study, a module-based remote control system is designed to illustrate the possible human operation errors caused by transmission delay of transmission control protocol/Internet protocol–based network and to provide a user-friendly framework for simulating solutions to improve human errors. This is followed by proposing two target prediction methods, namely the target area predictor and stop position predictor, to decrease the human errors. The experimental results show that target area predictor and stop position predictor effectively improve the performance by reducing task completion time and object trajectory errors by 60% and 36%, respectively.