MHD ballooning instability in the plasma sheet

Based on the ideal MHD model the stability of ballooning modes is investigated by employing realistic 3D magnetospheric equilibria for the substorm growth phase. Our results show that without making compressibility approximations the ballooning modes are unstable for the entire plasma sheet where the equatorial β_eq ≥ 1, and the most unstable modes are located in the strong cross-tail current sheet region in the near-Earth plasma sheet, which maps to the initial brightening location of the breakup are in the ionosphere. However, the MHD β_eq threshold is too low in comparison with observations by AMPTE/CCE, which show that prior to substorm onset a low frequency instability is excited only when β_eq > 50. The difficulty can be mitigated by including kinetic effects, which greatly increase the stabilizing effects of field line tension and can enhance the β_eq threshold to limit the unstable region to the cross-tail current sheet region.