Perceptions of Air Pollution Risks in Road Runs: Insights from Runners and the Public in Taiwan

Objective: This study explores how runners and the public in Taiwan perceive and respond to air pollution risks during road-running events. Specifically, the study identified differences in risk perception and behavioral responses between these groups, and to inform strategies that align with WHO priorities and Sustainable Development Goals 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities). Methods: Focus group interviews and Facebook forums with runners were conducted, as well as LINE discussions with the general public. Data were analyzed thematically guided by constructs from the Health Belief Model. Results: Runners acknowledged air pollution risks but tended to prefer personal coping strategies such as wearing masks or adjusting pace, as opposed to race withdrawal, largely due to financial and emotional investment. In contrast, the public emphasized the need for policy-driven measures and cooperation between event organizers and public health authorities. Perceptions were shaped by sociocultural factors and individual health beliefs. Conclusions: The perception gap between runners and the public highlights the need for targeted risk communication and robust air quality management in endurance sports. Recommendations include real-time air quality monitoring, clearer race protocols, and collaborative planning to protect public health in outdoor sports settings.