TY - JOUR
T1 - Retinal prosthesis for the blind
AU - Margalit, Eyal
AU - Maia, Mauricio
AU - Weiland, James D.
AU - Greenberg, Robert J.
AU - Fujii, Gildo Y.
AU - Torres, Gustavo
AU - Piyathaisere, Duke V.
AU - O'Hearn, Thomas M.
AU - Liu, Wentai
AU - Lazzi, Gianluca
AU - Dagnelie, Gislin
AU - Scribner, Dean A.
AU - De Juan, Eugene
AU - Humayun, Mark S.
PY - 2002
Y1 - 2002
N2 - Most of current concepts for a visual prosthesis are based on neuronal electrical stimulation at different locations along the visual pathways within the central nervous system. The different designs of visual prostheses are named according to their locations (i.e., cortical, optic nerve, subretinal, and epiretinal). Visual loss caused by outer retinal degeneration in diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa or age-related macular degeneration can be reversed by electrical stimulation of the retina or the optic nerve (retinal or optic nerve prostheses, respectively). On the other hand, visual loss caused by inner or whole thickness retinal diseases, eye loss, optic nerve diseases (tumors, ischemia, inflammatory processes etc.), or diseases of the central nervous system (not including diseases of the primary and secondary visual cortices) can be reversed by a cortical visual prosthesis. The intent of this article is to provide an overview of current and future concepts of retinal and optic nerve prostheses. This article will begin with general considerations that are related to all or most of visual prostheses and then concentrate on the retinal and optic nerve designs. The authors believe that the field has grown beyond the scope of a single article so cortical prostheses will be described only because of their direct effect on the concept and technical development of the other prostheses, and this will be done in a more general and historic perspective.
AB - Most of current concepts for a visual prosthesis are based on neuronal electrical stimulation at different locations along the visual pathways within the central nervous system. The different designs of visual prostheses are named according to their locations (i.e., cortical, optic nerve, subretinal, and epiretinal). Visual loss caused by outer retinal degeneration in diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa or age-related macular degeneration can be reversed by electrical stimulation of the retina or the optic nerve (retinal or optic nerve prostheses, respectively). On the other hand, visual loss caused by inner or whole thickness retinal diseases, eye loss, optic nerve diseases (tumors, ischemia, inflammatory processes etc.), or diseases of the central nervous system (not including diseases of the primary and secondary visual cortices) can be reversed by a cortical visual prosthesis. The intent of this article is to provide an overview of current and future concepts of retinal and optic nerve prostheses. This article will begin with general considerations that are related to all or most of visual prostheses and then concentrate on the retinal and optic nerve designs. The authors believe that the field has grown beyond the scope of a single article so cortical prostheses will be described only because of their direct effect on the concept and technical development of the other prostheses, and this will be done in a more general and historic perspective.
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U2 - 10.1016/S0039-6257(02)00311-9
DO - 10.1016/S0039-6257(02)00311-9
M3 - Review article
C2 - 12161210
AN - SCOPUS:0036342953
SN - 0039-6257
VL - 47
SP - 335
EP - 356
JO - Survey of Ophthalmology
JF - Survey of Ophthalmology
IS - 4
ER -