Semiconductor-based implantable microsystems

The field of integrating a dysfunctional biological subsystem with microelectronic systems is an emerging and fast growing one. The main functionality of the implantable microelectronics are (1) biochemical sensor for sensing of vital life signs, oxygen, pH, glucose, temperature, and toxins by miniaturized chemical and bio-sensors; (2) telemetry, to provide a local or remote link for data/audio/visual signals; and (3) actuation, to provide life saving, to restore lost function, and augment normal function. Implantable and/or wearable microelectronics can be used to replace lost function or to monitor physiological conditions if the interface with living tissue can be properly achieved. Some success has been obtained, including the cochlear prosthesis, implantable stimulators for the central nervous system to alleviate pain and reduce the unwanted tremor associated with diseases such as Parkinson’s, the vagus nerve implant for reducing the seizure activity of epilepsy, a functional neuromuscular implant to restore motor mobility for paraplegia, and the visual prosthesis for restoring eyesight. Furthermore implantable or wearable microelectronics could potentially augment the existing human senses of hearing, sight, touch, smell, and taste beyond the current abilities of the human body. This ability would be useful for individuals in hostile environments, such as soldiers and firefighters, or in dedicated situations, such as doctors performing microsurgery. In particular, we believe very strongly that just as novel drug and gene therapies have future roles to play in curing human disease so does the field of implantable or wearable microelectronics.