TY - JOUR
T1 - Valorization of wastewater through microalgae as a prospect for generation of biofuel and high-value products
AU - Kumar, Niwas
AU - Banerjee, Chiranjib
AU - Chang, Jo Shu
AU - Shukla, Pratyoosh
N1 - Funding Information:
PS acknowledges the financial support from SERB , Department of Science and Technology ( DST ), Government of India (File No. CRG/2021/001206). NK acknowledges the Indian Council of Medical Research ( ICMR ), Government of India, New Delhi, for granting doctoral fellowship in the form of ICMR- JRF (3/1/3/JRF-2015/HRD) at IIT(ISM), Dhanbad. CB acknowledges the financial support provided by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) Government of India in the form of the INSPIRE faculty award scheme (DST/INSPIRE Faculty Award/2014/LSPA-25). JSC acknowledges the financial support from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) , Taiwan, under grant numbers 109-2621-M-029 -001 , 109-3116-F-006 -016 -CC1 , 109-2218-E-006 -015 , and 107-2221-E-006 -112 -MY3 . PS also acknowledges the support through 'Faculty Incentive Grant' by Institute of Eminence(IoE) Scheme of Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, India (Letter No. R/ Dev/D/IoE/Incentive/2022-23/47679 ).
Funding Information:
Wastewaters from different input sources have significant constituents; it comprises a complex combination of natural inorganic and organic materials and several synthetic compounds. In the case of municipal wastewater, the reuse of only 11.6% of wastewater (3.76 × 109 m3/year) can recover 2.05 × 105 tons/year, 2.92 × 104 tons/year, and 2.12 × 106 tons/year of NH4–N, total nitrogen (TN), and organics respectively (Sun et al., 2016). This is suggestive of a substantial possibility for nutrient recovery and water reuse through wastewater treatment. Moreover, the treatment of wastewater has become a necessary practice because the occurrence of various toxic constituents in wastewater, both organic and inorganic in nature, might have carcinogenic or other severe health effects on humankind and obstruction of growth and photosynthesis of aquatic biota (Kishor et al., 2021). Finding a universal solution intended for the treatment and safe discharge of wastewaters is a very challenging task, as it requires integrated processes where complex economic and technical issues have to be considered. The effluent requirements of wastewater determine the type of treatment process employed for the treatment of wastewater (Dvořák et al., 2014). Several wastewater treatment technologies, such as low-impact constructed wetlands (CWs), advanced biological processes including membrane bioreactors (MBRs), moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and bioelectrochemical systems (BESs), are available (Mainardis et al., 2022). CWs are cost-effective, nature-based sustainable processes where collaborative actions of microbes, aquatic fauna, and soil improve wastewater characteristics. However, it has major limitations with lower pathogen and nutrient removal efficiency (Nan et al., 2020). Conventional activated sludge (CAS) is the commonly used traditional biological process applied for secondary wastewater treatment, despite the demonstrated low nutrient removal performance (Alygizakis et al., 2020). Moreover, the membrane bioreactors (MBRs) process is an evolved form of CAS that exploits the combined activity of the biological wastewater treatment process with active filtration of solids (Alygizakis et al., 2020). Moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) is another advanced alternative over CAS that utilizes suspended biomass and attached biomass supported on a carrier acting as a biofilter (Santos et al., 2020). Although these are more effective in removing COD, heavy metals, and organics than CAS, it is challenged by membrane fouling and shorter membrane life making operating and maintenance extremely cost expensive than CAS (Issaoui et al., 2022; Mainardis et al., 2022). In general, most of the traditional wastewater treatment systems focuses on efficient removal rather than resource-recovery intending to release clean treated water to the receiving water bodies. However, resource and nutrient recovery from the wastewaters can support the sustainable development through valorization of wastewater (Sharma et al., 2022).PS acknowledges the financial support from SERB, Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India (File No. CRG/2021/001206). NK acknowledges the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Government of India, New Delhi, for granting doctoral fellowship in the form of ICMR-JRF (3/1/3/JRF-2015/HRD) at IIT(ISM), Dhanbad. CB acknowledges the financial support provided by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) Government of India in the form of the INSPIRE faculty award scheme (DST/INSPIRE Faculty Award/2014/LSPA-25). JSC acknowledges the financial support from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan, under grant numbers 109-2621-M-029 -001, 109-3116-F-006 -016 -CC1, 109-2218-E-006 -015, and 107-2221-E-006 -112 -MY3. PS also acknowledges the support through 'Faculty Incentive Grant' by Institute of Eminence(IoE) Scheme of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India (Letter No. R/ Dev/D/IoE/Incentive/2022-23/47679).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2022/8/15
Y1 - 2022/8/15
N2 - Environmental pollution and freshwater crisis are the main pushing forces for upgrading new insights in wastewater treatment. Wastewater generated from different sources is an abundant source of various nutrients; their recovery could be a better perspective to compensate for the demands of the increasing population. Physicochemical or bacterial wastewater treatment processes are inefficient in removing nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P), are highly energy demanding, and generate secondary sludge. Microalgae offer a better alternative in wastewater treatment because they can consume different inorganic components in wastewater, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and some metals for growth and biomass production. They accomplish pollutants removal coupled with the production of valuable biomass for the generation of bioenergy and commercial products in an eco-friendly manner. The present review focuses on the details of different types of wastewater along with various challenges of microalgal cultivation systems applied in wastewater treatment. The improvements and recent advances in the remediation of wastewater involving microalgae are discussed. Different microalgal growth models and photorespirometry to assess the overall functioning of microalgae in wastewater are also summarized. Furthermore, various industrially important products that can be sustainably obtained from microalgal biomass through wastewater bioremediation are also highlighted. Finally, future perspectives in this field are presented.
AB - Environmental pollution and freshwater crisis are the main pushing forces for upgrading new insights in wastewater treatment. Wastewater generated from different sources is an abundant source of various nutrients; their recovery could be a better perspective to compensate for the demands of the increasing population. Physicochemical or bacterial wastewater treatment processes are inefficient in removing nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P), are highly energy demanding, and generate secondary sludge. Microalgae offer a better alternative in wastewater treatment because they can consume different inorganic components in wastewater, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and some metals for growth and biomass production. They accomplish pollutants removal coupled with the production of valuable biomass for the generation of bioenergy and commercial products in an eco-friendly manner. The present review focuses on the details of different types of wastewater along with various challenges of microalgal cultivation systems applied in wastewater treatment. The improvements and recent advances in the remediation of wastewater involving microalgae are discussed. Different microalgal growth models and photorespirometry to assess the overall functioning of microalgae in wastewater are also summarized. Furthermore, various industrially important products that can be sustainably obtained from microalgal biomass through wastewater bioremediation are also highlighted. Finally, future perspectives in this field are presented.
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U2 - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132114
DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132114
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85131045988
VL - 362
JO - Journal of Cleaner Production
JF - Journal of Cleaner Production
SN - 0959-6526
M1 - 132114
ER -