Wave-like energy resonance transfer of plasmonic absorption gap in plasmon-sensitized solar cell, plasmonic solar cells, and plasmonic photovoltaics

Oscillators in classical electromagnetic refer to electrons transition between energy band gaps in visible light in quantum mechanism. In experimental section, Fermi-level of bulk-like gold NPs contacts that of semiconductor due to the balance of the electronic density on the surface. Energy level, E, referred by the expectation value of the SPR dipole is below the work function of gold NP. The different energy between E and work function is Eg. In theory, SPR of gold NP acts as an energy level to transfer energy via wave-like oscillator. Photoelectrons inject into the surrounding semiconductor and are difficult to come back due to the Schottky barrier. Furthermore, photoelectric current of dye/Au NPs/P-25 TiO₂ on the ITO glass substrate indicates that optical current is about-0.5 μA, which results from the higher level of the surface plasmon of AuNPs than that of N3 dye and TiO₂.