TY - JOUR
T1 - Wave overtopping flow striking a human body on the crest of an impermeable sloped seawall. Part I
T2 - Physical modeling
AU - Cao, Deping
AU - Yuan, Jing
AU - Chen, Hao
AU - Zhao, Kuifeng
AU - Liu, Philip Li Fan
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the Climate Resilience Study Funds (CRSF) through Building and Construction Authority (BCA) and Public Utilities Board (PUB) of Singapore . The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering in National University of Singapore is acknowledged for allowing us to use the hydraulic laboratory.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2021/8
Y1 - 2021/8
N2 - The present paper is the first of two companion papers on the investigations of wave overtopping flow striking a cylinder, which is the schematisation of a human body, on the crest of an impermeable sloped seawall with a deep foreshore. This paper presents the physical modeling part. The key measured physical quantities include the overtopping flow depth on the seawall crest and the inline force on the cylinder. It is found that the Iribarren number and the ratio of freeboard and incident wave height are the two key parameters that control wave breaking on the seawall slope and the overtopping flow on the seawall crest. Formulas are identified for quick estimation of the inline force due to overtopping flow. The maximum overtopping flow depth and the maximum inline force are found to decay exponentially with the distance from the seawall's edge, but the decay rates are rather low. By comparing the inline force experienced by a 3D-printed human model and a cylinder, the equivalent diameter of a human body is proposed to be 1.4 times the thigh width. Finally, a preliminary application was carried out to demonstrate the applicability of our research outcomes. It is found that the predicted maximum inline force on a human body exceeds the ground friction, when the smallest overtopping volume exceeds about 600 l/m (with a scatter range of 600–1 100 l/m), which is conservatively in consistent with the threshold proposed in the EurOtop manual.
AB - The present paper is the first of two companion papers on the investigations of wave overtopping flow striking a cylinder, which is the schematisation of a human body, on the crest of an impermeable sloped seawall with a deep foreshore. This paper presents the physical modeling part. The key measured physical quantities include the overtopping flow depth on the seawall crest and the inline force on the cylinder. It is found that the Iribarren number and the ratio of freeboard and incident wave height are the two key parameters that control wave breaking on the seawall slope and the overtopping flow on the seawall crest. Formulas are identified for quick estimation of the inline force due to overtopping flow. The maximum overtopping flow depth and the maximum inline force are found to decay exponentially with the distance from the seawall's edge, but the decay rates are rather low. By comparing the inline force experienced by a 3D-printed human model and a cylinder, the equivalent diameter of a human body is proposed to be 1.4 times the thigh width. Finally, a preliminary application was carried out to demonstrate the applicability of our research outcomes. It is found that the predicted maximum inline force on a human body exceeds the ground friction, when the smallest overtopping volume exceeds about 600 l/m (with a scatter range of 600–1 100 l/m), which is conservatively in consistent with the threshold proposed in the EurOtop manual.
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U2 - 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2021.103891
DO - 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2021.103891
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85105695043
SN - 0378-3839
VL - 167
JO - Coastal Engineering
JF - Coastal Engineering
M1 - 103891
ER -