2025 Expert Consensus Recommendations on Vaccinations in Adults with High Cardiovascular Risk and Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the Task Force of the Taiwan Society of Cardiology and the Infectious Diseases Society of Taiwan

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death worldwide, and infections often worsen the clinical condition of these patients. Respiratory infections, either bacterial or viral sources, are important causes of high morbidity and mortality in older adults. Beyond the burden of infection-related complications, they are also associated with non-infection-related complications such as cardiovascular (CV) events. For example, herpes zoster is associated with an increased risk of stroke and myocardial infarction. Vaccination is an effective preventive strategy for patients with CVD by reducing viral and bacterial infections, and minimizing systemic inflammatory responses to support plaque stability and reduce the likelihood of CV events in high-risk patients, thereby reducing the risks of CV and non-CV hospitalizations and mortality. Despite evidence on the effectiveness, safety, and benefits of vaccines and recommendations to vaccinate older patients and those with risk factors, vaccination rates remain sub-optimal in this population. The Taiwan Society of Cardiology and the Infectious Diseases Society of Taiwan recently appointed a task force to formulate a consensus on vaccinations for adults with high CV risk or CVD. Based on the most up-to-date information, the consensus provides current evidence-based important recommendations.