Assessing Social Sustainability Efficiency in European Countries: Focusing on Health and Well-Being

This study investigates the challenges of achieving social sustainability efficiency in European countries, especially in health and well-being, under sustainable development goal 3 amid demographic aging pressures. Using an innovative modified circular dynamic three-stage systematic network data envelopment analysis model, this research evaluates the influence of social protection investments on healthcare and well-being systems. The findings reveal that Denmark, Estonia, France, and Germany demonstrate optimal efficiency, while Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Slovenia require strategic improvements, particularly in healthcare efficiency. Policy recommendations underscore the need for enhanced healthcare technology, occupational safety, and adaptive strategies to support social sustainability across 24 countries from 2016 to 2020. This approach offers a comprehensive efficiency framework and actionable insights to guide future policy development to address European healthcare efficiency gaps.