TY - JOUR
T1 - Black carbon enriches short-range-order ferrihydrite in Amazonian Dark Earth
T2 - Interplay mechanism and environmental implications
AU - Weng, Yi Tse
AU - Rathod, Jagat
AU - Liang, Biqing
AU - Wang, Chun Chieh
AU - Iizuka, Yoshiyuki
AU - Tamura, Nobumichi
AU - Chen, Chi Liang
AU - Lee, Yao Chang
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2020/7/10
Y1 - 2020/7/10
N2 - Our study underpins the mechanism of organo-mineral interaction between black carbon (BC, biochar) and associated minerals in the historical BC-rich Amazonian Dark Earth (ADE) by using synchrotron-based microscopic (TXM), microspectroscopic (μFTIR) and spectroscopic (XAS and μ-diffraction) approaches. The BC-rich ADE contained over 100% more poorly crystalline minerals than the adjacent tropical soil. Linear combination fitting of k-spacing in the X-ray Absorption Spectra (XAS) revealed that ferrihydrite contributed to 81.1% of the Fe-minerals in BC. A small but distinct peak was observed at 5.7 Å−1 in the extended X-ray absorption fine structure k oscillation of BC, revealing the presence of Fe[sbnd]C (including Fe-O-C) covalent bonds. No Fe[sbnd]C path was yielded by the XAS fitting when an obvious peak downshift of the first (Fe[sbnd]Fe1) shell was observed, suggesting that the availability of inner-sphere Fe[sbnd]C complexation was limited to the BC surface and interphase region. The main minerals for organo-mineral complexation were short-range-order (SRO) ferrihydrite on BC instead of corner-sharing FeO6 octahedra. Compared to ADE, the coordination number of the first (Fe[sbnd]Fe1) and second (Fe[sbnd]Fe2) shell was higher in BC, revealing a higher degree of order in coordination between the neighboring Fe mineral crystals. Black C limited the progressive aging of amorphous Fe phases and greatly enriched SRO ferrihydrite in the redox-fluctuating and high-leaching environment. The transformation of SRO ferrihydrite into the more crystalline Fe oxides was controlled by the local pH environment. A strong signal from the complexed phenolic group (aryl-OH, 1241 cm−1) and a distinct band of inner-sphere complexation (Fe-aryl C, 1380–1384 cm−1) were identified in the FTIR spectra. The enrichment of poorly crystalline minerals can have positive feedback on the long-term stabilization of BC. The scale-up application of biochar to agricultural and ecological systems may have a long-lasting impact on the enrichment and transformation of the SRO minerals in the soil.
AB - Our study underpins the mechanism of organo-mineral interaction between black carbon (BC, biochar) and associated minerals in the historical BC-rich Amazonian Dark Earth (ADE) by using synchrotron-based microscopic (TXM), microspectroscopic (μFTIR) and spectroscopic (XAS and μ-diffraction) approaches. The BC-rich ADE contained over 100% more poorly crystalline minerals than the adjacent tropical soil. Linear combination fitting of k-spacing in the X-ray Absorption Spectra (XAS) revealed that ferrihydrite contributed to 81.1% of the Fe-minerals in BC. A small but distinct peak was observed at 5.7 Å−1 in the extended X-ray absorption fine structure k oscillation of BC, revealing the presence of Fe[sbnd]C (including Fe-O-C) covalent bonds. No Fe[sbnd]C path was yielded by the XAS fitting when an obvious peak downshift of the first (Fe[sbnd]Fe1) shell was observed, suggesting that the availability of inner-sphere Fe[sbnd]C complexation was limited to the BC surface and interphase region. The main minerals for organo-mineral complexation were short-range-order (SRO) ferrihydrite on BC instead of corner-sharing FeO6 octahedra. Compared to ADE, the coordination number of the first (Fe[sbnd]Fe1) and second (Fe[sbnd]Fe2) shell was higher in BC, revealing a higher degree of order in coordination between the neighboring Fe mineral crystals. Black C limited the progressive aging of amorphous Fe phases and greatly enriched SRO ferrihydrite in the redox-fluctuating and high-leaching environment. The transformation of SRO ferrihydrite into the more crystalline Fe oxides was controlled by the local pH environment. A strong signal from the complexed phenolic group (aryl-OH, 1241 cm−1) and a distinct band of inner-sphere complexation (Fe-aryl C, 1380–1384 cm−1) were identified in the FTIR spectra. The enrichment of poorly crystalline minerals can have positive feedback on the long-term stabilization of BC. The scale-up application of biochar to agricultural and ecological systems may have a long-lasting impact on the enrichment and transformation of the SRO minerals in the soil.
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U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138195
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138195
M3 - Article
C2 - 32305642
AN - SCOPUS:85083177094
SN - 0048-9697
VL - 725
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
M1 - 138195
ER -