Development of parenting difficulties in infectious disease pandemic inventory

Background: The objective of this study was to develop the Parenting Difficulties in Infectious Disease Pandemic Inventory (PDIDPI) for the assessment of parenting difficulties during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to examine its psychometric properties. Methods: The 31-item PDIDPI was developed on the basis of the results of focus group interviews. An exploratory factor analysis using principal axis factoring was conducted to examine the PDIDPI factor structure. The internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach α values. The test–retest reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The concurrent validity was established by examining the correlations of the PDIDPI with Fear of COVID-19 Scale and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD) scores. Results: We determined that the PDIDPI has seven factors: infection, school and learning, life change, care burden, daily living, health care, and emotion and behavior. The PDIDPI also had good internal consistency (α = 0.685–0.929) and acceptable test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.404–0.794). Regarding concurrent validity, the overall PDIDPI and its seven factors were all significantly associated with depression, determined by the CESD (r = 0.223–0.370), but not all factors were significantly associated with fear of COVID-19 (r = 0.082–0.203). Conclusions: Our findings support the psychometric properties of the PDIDPI, confirming its utility for evaluating the multifaceted challenges parents face in child management during the COVID-19 pandemic.