Enhanced physical and electrical characteristics of screen-printed n-Type mono-crystalline silicon solar cells by AgAl front pastes with various aluminum contents

Silver-aluminum (AgAl) pastes with various aluminum (Al) contents have been synthesized to enhance physical and electrical characteristics of screen-printed n-type mono-crystalline silicon solar cells (SPNMSCs). The improved series resistance and contact adhesion were demonstrated by a 4 wt% of Al contents doped AgAl front pastes (FPs). The achievement of a conversion efficiency improvement of more than 1.7% absolute from 14.6% to 16.3% in SPNMSCs with a 4 wt% of Al content in AgAl FP was explored. The promoted mechanism could be attributed to suitably front-surface-field formed at p+ emitter by circulating track supplied from Al powder softened in AgAl FPs during co-firing.