@article{bd212e06d5bd433b8bb5f59013ea1ee0,
title = "Extreme Poleward Expanding Super Plasma Bubbles Over Asia-Pacific Region Triggered by Tonga Volcano Eruption During the Recovery-Phase of Geomagnetic Storm",
abstract = "The Tonga volcano eruption of 15 January 2022 unleashed a variety of atmospheric perturbations, coinciding with the recovery-phase of a geomagnetic storm. The ensuing thermospheric variations created rare display of extreme poleward-expanding conjugate plasma bubbles seen in the rate of total electron content index over 100–150°E, reaching ∼40°N geographic latitude. This is associated with fluctuations in FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 (F7/C2) ion-density measurements and spread-F in ionograms. Preceding to this, an unusually strong pre-reversal enhancement (PRE) occurred in the global ionospheric specification (GIS) electron density profiles derived from F7/C2 observations. The GIS also revealed a decrease of equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crest density due to the storm impact. Reduced E-region conductivity by volcano-induced waves and enhanced F-region wind, further accelerated by reduced ion-drag over the EIA, apparently intensified the PRE. Accompanied with the strong PRE, volcano-induced seed perturbations triggered the super plasma bubble activity.",
author = "Rajesh, {P. K.} and Lin, {C. C.H.} and Lin, {J. T.} and Lin, {C. Y.} and Liu, {J. Y.} and T. Matsuo and Huang, {C. Y.} and Chou, {M. Y.} and J. Yue and M. Nishioka and H. Jin and Choi, {J. M.} and Shih-Ping Chen and Marty Chou and Tsai, {H. F.}",
note = "Funding Information: This work is partly supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology under MOST-110-2111-M-006-004 and MOST-111-2119-M-006-001 and National Space Organization under NSPO-S-110296. TM acknowledges support from NSF awards AGS 1848544. J. Yue and M. Y. Chou are supported by NASA 80NSSC20K0628. The work is partly supported by NARL-NICT collaborative project. The authors acknowledge the GNSS networks of GeoNet project New Zealand, Geoscience Australia, Geospatial Information Authority Japan, Central Weather Bureau Taiwan, Hong Kong Satellite Positioning Reference Station Network, EUREF Permanent GNSS Network and their data centers, Cartographic and Geological Institute of Catalunya, Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), National Seismological Center, University of Chile, RESIF-RENAG French national Geodetic Network, International GNSS Service (IGS), African Geodetic Reference Frame (AFREF), TrigNet Web South Africa, and British Isles continuous GNSS Facility (BIGF) for GNSS data, and Space Weather Services of the Bureau of Meteorology of Australia for ionograms. Funding Information: This work is partly supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology under MOST‐110‐2111‐M‐006‐004 and MOST‐111‐2119‐M‐006‐001 and National Space Organization under NSPO‐S‐110296. TM acknowledges support from NSF awards AGS 1848544. J. Yue and M. Y. Chou are supported by NASA 80NSSC20K0628. The work is partly supported by NARL‐NICT collaborative project. The authors acknowledge the GNSS networks of GeoNet project New Zealand, Geoscience Australia, Geospatial Information Authority Japan, Central Weather Bureau Taiwan, Hong Kong Satellite Positioning Reference Station Network, EUREF Permanent GNSS Network and their data centers, Cartographic and Geological Institute of Catalunya, Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), National Seismological Center, University of Chile, RESIF‐RENAG French national Geodetic Network, International GNSS Service (IGS), African Geodetic Reference Frame (AFREF), TrigNet Web South Africa, and British Isles continuous GNSS Facility (BIGF) for GNSS data, and Space Weather Services of the Bureau of Meteorology of Australia for ionograms. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.",
year = "2022",
month = aug,
day = "16",
doi = "10.1029/2022GL099798",
language = "English",
volume = "49",
journal = "Geophysical Research Letters",
issn = "0094-8276",
publisher = "American Geophysical Union",
number = "15",
}