Hidden movers in the wind farm: Functional stakeholders improving offshore wind development in Taiwan

The increasing demand for clean energy has exacerbated conflicts between fishermen and offshore wind energy developers worldwide, particularly in coastal regions. This study explores the perspectives of fishermen, developers, and government authorities on offshore wind power (OWP) projects in Taiwan. Data were collected through direct observations at stakeholder workshops and semistructured interviews with key participants. Results highlight that fishermen prioritize sustaining fishing activities within OWP zones over relying solely on compensation. Effective engagement requires fishermen's associations to consult developers and officials. The key priorities include developing a coexistence plan for fisheries and OWP projects, establishing fair compensation standards, and implementing vocational training programs. Legislative support for spatial zoning within OWP waters under the national spatial plan is also critical. Finally, genuine consultations by fishermen's associations build trust, foster acceptance, and resolve conflicts, thereby accelerating OWP project progress. This study proposes an operational framework to enhance OWP policymaking, emphasizing that (1) functional stakeholders should establish an effective communication platform; (2) empathetic consultations can help developers prioritize stakeholders' livelihoods and coexistence strategies; and (3) legislative measures are essential for spatial planning, and compensation standards should be implemented by central authorities.