Mechanisms of (NH ₄) ₂S _x-treated III-V compound triple-junction solar cells incorporating with hybrid electrode

A hybrid electrode composed of the metal contact pads and the transparent indium-tin-oxide film was incorporated with the (NH ₄) ₂S _x-treated InGaP/InGaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells. The hybrid electrode structure was used to reduce the metal shadow area. The passivation function enabled by the (NH ₄) ₂S _x surface treatment was used to enhance the photoluminescence intensity and carrier lifetime of the (NH ₄) ₂S _x-treated n-type AlInP window layer. The conversion efficiency of (NH ₄) ₂S _x-treated solar cells with the hybrid electrode structure was improved up to 35.73 due to an increase in the absorption of the incident light along with the surface passivation.