TY - JOUR
T1 - Methylene blue-mediated photodynamic inactivation as a novel disinfectant of enterovirus 71
AU - Wong, Tak Wah
AU - Huang, Hsuan Jung
AU - Wang, Ya Fang
AU - Lee, Yi Ping
AU - Huang, Chien Chun
AU - Yu, Chun Keung
N1 - Funding Information:
*Corresponding author. Tel: +886-6-2353535, ext. 5661; Fax: +886-6-2082705; E-mail: [email protected] †These authors contributed equally to the article. ‡Present address: Administrative-Planning Division, National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, No. 17, Nanke 2nd Road, Sinshih, Tainan County 74147, Taiwan. §Present address: Division of Infectious Diseases, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan.
Funding Information:
This work was supported by the National Research Program for Genomic Medicine grants NSC97-3112-B-006-006 and NSC98-3112-B-006-005 from the National Science Council, and National Cheng Kung University Hospital grant NCKUH-9802014 of Taiwan.
PY - 2010/8/18
Y1 - 2010/8/18
N2 - Objectives: We tested whether methylene blue, an inexpensive and safe photosensitizer, is feasible for photodynamic inactivation of enterovirus 71 (EV71) in the environment. Methods: By escalating light doses and photosensitizer concentrations, photoinactivation of EV71 and other enteroviruses was examined in vitro. Viral transmission in the environment was simulated with a neonatal mouse model in vivo. Possible mechanisms were analysed with alterations of viral DNA and proteins after treatments. Results: Photodynamic inactivation of EV71 in suspensions occurred in a dose-dependent manner. The optimal condition for photoinactivating EV71 required a light dose of 200 J/cm2 in the presence of methylene blue. This photodynamic condition was also able to inactivate other enteroviruses, including poliovirus 1 and coxsackieviruses A2, A3, A16 and B3. In an imitation environment, EV71 spread on a solid surface was inactivated by methylene blue-mediated photodynamic inactivation and prevented EV71 transmission to mice. Western blot and RT-PCR analysis indicated that both the viral proteins and the genome were disrupted after photodynamic inactivation. Conclusions: Methylene blue-mediated photodynamic inactivation may provide a novel way to eliminate environmentally contaminated sources of EV71 to prevent infection.
AB - Objectives: We tested whether methylene blue, an inexpensive and safe photosensitizer, is feasible for photodynamic inactivation of enterovirus 71 (EV71) in the environment. Methods: By escalating light doses and photosensitizer concentrations, photoinactivation of EV71 and other enteroviruses was examined in vitro. Viral transmission in the environment was simulated with a neonatal mouse model in vivo. Possible mechanisms were analysed with alterations of viral DNA and proteins after treatments. Results: Photodynamic inactivation of EV71 in suspensions occurred in a dose-dependent manner. The optimal condition for photoinactivating EV71 required a light dose of 200 J/cm2 in the presence of methylene blue. This photodynamic condition was also able to inactivate other enteroviruses, including poliovirus 1 and coxsackieviruses A2, A3, A16 and B3. In an imitation environment, EV71 spread on a solid surface was inactivated by methylene blue-mediated photodynamic inactivation and prevented EV71 transmission to mice. Western blot and RT-PCR analysis indicated that both the viral proteins and the genome were disrupted after photodynamic inactivation. Conclusions: Methylene blue-mediated photodynamic inactivation may provide a novel way to eliminate environmentally contaminated sources of EV71 to prevent infection.
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U2 - 10.1093/jac/dkq301
DO - 10.1093/jac/dkq301
M3 - Article
C2 - 20719762
AN - SCOPUS:77957228043
SN - 0305-7453
VL - 65
SP - 2176
EP - 2182
JO - Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
JF - Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
IS - 10
M1 - dkq301
ER -