@article{c75ce51e81844c1bb35c41b67d5cb3e1,
title = "National surveillance of 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans in soil in Taiwan",
abstract = "In this study, the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furan (PCDD/F) levels in 381 soil samples coming from different background areas (n = 238) and contaminated areas (n = 143) in Taiwan were investigated from 2011 to 2015 using high resolution gas chromatograph/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). The contaminated areas showed higher PCDD/F contamination as compared to the background areas (1230 vs 749 pg/g dry weight (dw)); 14.0 vs 6.25 pg WHO2005-TEQ/g dw). The lowest levels were recorded in the outlying islands (1.28 pg WHO2005-TEQ/g dw). PCDD/F congener distribution profiles in the background and contaminated areas as well as on the islands varied. OCDD was the dominant congener in almost all locations, including the northern background (87.7%) and central contaminated (74.2%) areas. Other dominant species included OCDF and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD. Levels of PCDD/F-TEQs in Taiwanese soils, including the background areas, were higher than in some developing countries and regions with global background levels due to high industrialization except for the contaminated areas. Geographic differences in dioxin-contaminated soils were also shown in this study. Higher soil dioxin-TEQs were observed in locations with high populations and population densities. Despite the limitations, the economic status of Taiwan represented by the annual averaged family income (AAFI) was positively correlated to soil dioxin-TEQs.",
author = "Hsu, {Yi Chyun} and Que, {Danielle E.} and Gou, {Yan You} and Tsou, {Tsui Chun} and Liu, {Chung Kun} and Wang, {Yen Ling} and Hou, {Wen Che} and Lin, {Yi Hsien} and Liu, {Wen Yao} and Chao, {How Ran} and Lee, {Wen Jhy}",
note = "Funding Information: This study was supported by grants ( EPA-100-GA103-02-A228 ; EPA-102-GA13-03-A129 ; EPA-103-GA13-03-A329 ) from the Soil and Groundwater Pollution Remediation Fund Management Board, the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA) . The authors thank the former Executive Secretary, Mr. Hung-The Tsai, and the Director of Soil Remediation, Dr. Jian-Ren Ho, from the Management Board of the Soil and Groundwater Pollution Remediation Fund. The authors also thank Mr. Yuan-Wu Chen in Division 4 of the Environmental Analysis Laboratory (EAL) at the TEPA for kindly providing the protocols for sample extraction and cleanup. We acknowledge Dr. Ding-Yan Lin at National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, who created the SPSS database for the 381 soil dioxin data. We also thank the technicians at CENPRO Technology Co, Ltd, Taiwan, who assisted with the PCDD/Fs analysis in the HRGC/HRMS chemical assay. We are also grateful to our team members in the Environmental Engineering Department II, Sinotech Engineering Consultants, LTD. and MWH Americas Inc., Taiwan Branch in Taiwan, for their valuable technical assistance. ",
year = "2018",
month = jul,
doi = "10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.191",
language = "English",
volume = "203",
pages = "239--252",
journal = "Chemosphere",
issn = "0045-6535",
publisher = "Elsevier Limited",
}