Spatial and polarization entanglement of lasing patterns and related dynamic behaviors in laserdiode-pumped solid-state lasers

To provide the underlying physical mechanism for formations of spatial-and polarization-entangled lasing patterns (namely, SPEPs), we performed experiments using a c-cut Nd:GdVO4 microchip laser with offaxis laser-diode pumping. This extends recent work on entangled lasing pattern generation from an isotropic laser, where such a pattern was explained only in terms of generalized coherent states (GCSs) formed by mathematical manipulation. Here, we show that polarization-resolved transverse patterns can be well explained by the transverse mode-locking of distinct orthogonal linearly polarized Ince-Gauss (IG) mode pairs rather than GCSs. Dynamic properties of SPEPs were experimentally examined in both free-running and modulated conditions to identify long-term correlations of IG mode pairs over time. The complete chaos synchronization among IG mode pairs subjected to external perturbation is also demonstrated.