Surface state mediated NIR two-photon fluorescence of iron oxides for nonlinear optical microscopy

The development of fluorescent iron oxide nanomaterials is highly desired for multimodal molecular imaging. Instead of incorporating fluorescent dyes on the surface of iron oxides, a ligand-assisted synthesis approach is developed to allow near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence in Fe₃O₄ nanostructures. Using a trimesic acid (TMA)/citrate-mediated synthesis, fabricated Fe₃O₄ nanostructures can generate a NIR two-photon florescence (TPF) peak around 700 nm under the excitation by a 1230-nm femtosecond laser. By tailoring the absorption of Fe₃O ₄ nanostructures toward NIR band, the NIR-TPF efficiency can be greatly increased. Through internal etching, surface peeling, and ligand replacement, spectroscopic results validated that such resonantly enhanced NIR-TPF is mediated by surface states with strong NIR-IR absorption. This TPF signal evolution can be generalized to other iron oxide nanomaterials like magnetite nanoparticles and α-Fe₂O₃ nanoplates. Using the developed fluorescent Fe₃O₄ nanostructures, it is demonstrated that their TPF and third harmonic generation (THG) contrast in the nonlinear optical microscopy of live cells. It is anticipated that the synthesized NIR photofunctional Fe₃O₄ will serve as a versatile platform for dual-modality magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as a magnet-guided theranostic agent. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence of Fe ₃O₄ and α-Fe₂O₃ nanostructures is generatred by NIR laser excitation. These nanostructures act as cellular probes, as indicated by nonlinear microscopy, and have the potential to be further developed as a bifunctional contrast agents for tracking drug delivery and pharmacokinetics.