TY - JOUR
T1 - The COVID-19 pandemic and serious psychological consequences in Bangladesh
T2 - A population-based nationwide study
AU - Mamun, Mohammed A.
AU - Sakib, Najmuj
AU - Gozal, David
AU - Bhuiyan, AKM Israfil
AU - Hossain, Sahadat
AU - Bodrud-Doza, Md
AU - Al Mamun, Firoj
AU - Hosen, Ismail
AU - Safiq, Mariam Binte
AU - Abdullah, Abu Hasnat
AU - Sarker, Md Abedin
AU - Rayhan, Istihak
AU - Sikder, Md Tajuddin
AU - Muhit, Mohammad
AU - Lin, Chung Ying
AU - Griffiths, Mark D.
AU - Pakpour, Amir H.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020
PY - 2021/1/15
Y1 - 2021/1/15
N2 - Background: As with other countries worldwide, lockdown measures during the COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh were sudden and unexpected, and have the capacity to elicit serious psychological consequences. The present study examined the psychological consequences of COVID-19 in Bangladesh during the lockdown period. Methods: A nationwide online cross-sectional survey study recruited 10,067 individuals covering all 64 districts in Bangladesh via social media (April 1-10, 2020). The survey comprised questions concerning socio-demographics, knowledge of COVID-19, behavior towards COVID-19, fear of COVID-19, insomnia, depression, and suicidal ideation. Logistic regression and structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses were performed to identify the risk factors depression and suicidal ideation. Geographical information system (GIS)-based spatial analysis was used to identify district-wise susceptibility to depression and suicidal ideation. Findings: The prevalence rate of depression and suicidal ideation related to COVID-19 was 33% and 5%%. Common risk factors for suicidal ideation and depression included being young, being female, being a cigarette smoker, having comorbid diseases, having high scores on the Fear COVID-19 Scale, and having insomnia symptoms. GIS-based maps detected high depression and suicidal ideation in the capital of Bangladesh and the districts near the capital as well as coastal areas where COVID-19 prevalence was high, as compared with districts with no reported cases. Limitations: Self-reported scales and cross-sectional design of the study. Conclusion: COVID-19 is associated with major psychological impact across Bangladesh, underlining the need of strategically located psychological support measures and improved access to mental health services, especially among women and younger people.
AB - Background: As with other countries worldwide, lockdown measures during the COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh were sudden and unexpected, and have the capacity to elicit serious psychological consequences. The present study examined the psychological consequences of COVID-19 in Bangladesh during the lockdown period. Methods: A nationwide online cross-sectional survey study recruited 10,067 individuals covering all 64 districts in Bangladesh via social media (April 1-10, 2020). The survey comprised questions concerning socio-demographics, knowledge of COVID-19, behavior towards COVID-19, fear of COVID-19, insomnia, depression, and suicidal ideation. Logistic regression and structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses were performed to identify the risk factors depression and suicidal ideation. Geographical information system (GIS)-based spatial analysis was used to identify district-wise susceptibility to depression and suicidal ideation. Findings: The prevalence rate of depression and suicidal ideation related to COVID-19 was 33% and 5%%. Common risk factors for suicidal ideation and depression included being young, being female, being a cigarette smoker, having comorbid diseases, having high scores on the Fear COVID-19 Scale, and having insomnia symptoms. GIS-based maps detected high depression and suicidal ideation in the capital of Bangladesh and the districts near the capital as well as coastal areas where COVID-19 prevalence was high, as compared with districts with no reported cases. Limitations: Self-reported scales and cross-sectional design of the study. Conclusion: COVID-19 is associated with major psychological impact across Bangladesh, underlining the need of strategically located psychological support measures and improved access to mental health services, especially among women and younger people.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85094164953&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85094164953&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.036
DO - 10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.036
M3 - Article
C2 - 33120247
AN - SCOPUS:85094164953
SN - 0165-0327
VL - 279
SP - 462
EP - 472
JO - Journal of Affective Disorders
JF - Journal of Affective Disorders
ER -